Burnout and the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner: Who Is Experiencing Burnout and Why?

IntroductionA sexual assault nurse examiner role exemplifies the high-stress and highly emotional patient interactions that are often associated with burnout. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of burnout among sexual assault nurse examiners in North Carolina.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was an anonymous survey of practicing sexual assault nurse examiners within North Carolina using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and additional demographics. Results were analyzed with odds ratios, confidence intervals, Fisher exact, chi-square, and Kruskal Wallis tests as appropriate.ResultsAmong 95 respondents, burnout was more frequent in sexual assault nurse examiners who stopped both emergency and nurse examiner work (55.6%, odds ratio 4.41, 95% confidence interval 1.07-18.06) and in dual function nurses (both emergency and nurse examiner work, 35.7%, odds ratio 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.04-7.06). Sexual assault nurse examiners who had a high percentage of pediatric cases (above the median of 40%) were more likely to meet burnout thresholds for emotional exhaustion scores > 26 (48.78% vs 25.93%, χ² = 5.30, P = .02) and more likely to meet burnout thresholds for depersonalization scores > 9 (48.78% vs 24.07%, χ² = 6.28, P = .01).DiscussionHigher frequency of burnout threshold criteria was found in those people who worked concurrently as a sexual assault nurse examiner and an emergency nurse and in those who had retired from both specialties. We also found that sexual assault nurse examiners with a higher case mix of pediatric cases had higher emotional exhaustion scores and higher depersonalization scores.     

Assessing the Effects of Geniculate Artery Embolization in a Nonsurgical Animal Model of Osteoarthritis

PurposeTo create a nonsurgical animal model of osteoarthritis (OA) to evaluate the effects of embolotherapy during geniculate artery embolization (GAE).Materials and MethodsFluoroscopy-guided injections of 700 mg of sodium monoiodoacetate were performed into the left stifle in 6 rams. Kinematic data were collected before and after induction. At 10 weeks after induction, Subjects 1 and 4–6 underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) and Subjects 1, 3, and 4–6 underwent angiography with angiographic scoring to identify regions with greatest disease severity for superselective embolization (75–250-μm microspheres). Target vessel size was measured. At 24 weeks after angiography, DCE-MR imaging, angiography, and euthanasia were performed, and bilateral stifles were harvested. Medial/lateral tibial and femoral condylar, patellar, and synovial samples were cut, preserved, decalcified, and scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International criteria. The stifle and synovium Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score and Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study score were determined. The volume transfer constant (K_trans) and extracellular volume fraction (v_e) were calculated from DCE-MR imaging along the lateral synovial regions of interest.ResultsThe mean gross and microscopic pathological scores were elevated at 38 and 61, respectively. Mean synovitis score was elevated at 9.2. Mean pre-embolization and postembolization angiographic scores were 5 and 3.8, respectively. Mean superior, transverse, and inferior geniculate artery diameters were 3.1 mm ± 1.21, 2.0 mm ± 0.50, and 1.6 mm ± 0.41 mm, respectively. Mean pre-embolization and postembolization cartilage and synovitis scores were elevated at 35.13 and 73.3 and 5.5 and 9.2, respectively. The K_trans/v_e values of Subjects 4, 5, and 6 were elevated at 0.049/0.38, 0.074/0.53, and 0.065/0.51, respectively. Altered gait of the hind limb was observed in all subjects after induction, with reduced joint mobility. No skin necrosis or osteonecrosis was observed.ConclusionsA nonsurgical ovine animal knee OA model was created, which allowed the collection of angiographic, histopathological, MR imaging, and kinematic data to study the effects of GAE.     

阴道顺产与剖宫产对初产妇产后早期盆底功能的影响比较

目的研究阴道顺产与剖宫产对初产妇产后早期盆底功能的影响。方法选择2020年1月至12月在阳春市人民医院产科中心分娩的120例初产妇展开研究,按照分娩方式的不同分为对照组与观察组,每组各60例。对照组为阴道顺产,观察组采用剖宫产,两组均在产后第6周进行早期盆底功能检查,并进行盆底康复治疗,比较两组的治疗效果。结果观察组的尿失禁、阴道脱垂、子宫脱垂发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后的盆底肌力分级情况优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后的膀胱颈与耻骨联合下缘水平线间的垂直距离(BSD)高于对照组,膀胱尿道后角(RA)、膀胱颈移动度(BND)低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阴道顺产对于盆底功能及盆腔结构的不良影响大于剖宫产,盆底功能障碍性疾病发生率更高,而康复治疗可有效改善阴道顺产、剖宫产初产妇的盆底功能,剖宫产初产妇的盆底功能恢复更好。     

小剂量克赛联合百令胶囊对微小病变型NS的疗效

目的 探讨小剂量克赛联合百令胶囊对微小病变型肾病综合征（NS）患者高凝血状态和免疫功能的影响。 方法 选取2017年4月～2020年5月于本院就诊的90例微小病变型NS患者，按随机数表法分为观察组（45例）和对照组（45例）。对照组服用百令胶囊，观察组同时应用小剂量克赛。观察两组患者临床疗效、肾功能指标变化、凝血指标变化、血液流变学指标变化、T淋巴细胞亚群及药物不良反应。 结果 治疗后，观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组肾功能损伤指标及24 h尿蛋白水平均低于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组凝血相关时间指标水平高于对照组，凝血相关因子水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组血液流变学指标水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组外周T淋巴细胞亚群检测结果显示CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平高于对照组，CD8+水平低于对照组（均P＜0.05）；两组不良反应发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论 小剂量克赛联合百令胶囊对微小病变型肾病综合征患者疗效确切，可减少患者肾功能损伤，调节血液高凝状态，降低血液粘稠度，提升人体免疫功能，且安全性较好。     

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis B virus vaccination and transmission among men who have sex with men: A mathematical modelling study

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccinations among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been considerably lower than before the pandemic. Moreover, less frequent HBV testing and a reduction in numbers of sex partners have been reported. We assessed the impact of these COVID-19-related changes on HBV transmission among MSM in the Netherlands.MethodsWe estimated the changes in sexual activity, HBV testing, and HBV vaccination among MSM during the pandemic from Dutch data. We used a deterministic compartmental model and investigated scenarios with small or large declines in sexual activity, testing, and vaccination for the current phase of the pandemic (without available data). We examined the increase in HBV vaccinations needed to prevent further increase in HBV incidence.ResultsWith a decrease in numbers of sex partners of 15–25% during the first lockdown and 5% during the second lockdown, we found a decline of 6.6% in HBV incidence in 2020, despite a >70% reduction in HBV testing and vaccination during the first lockdown. With numbers of sex partners rebounding close to pre-pandemic level in 2021, and a reduction of 15% in testing and 30% in vaccination in 2021, we found an increase of 1.4% in incidence in 2021 and 3.1% in 2026. With these changes, an increase of ≥60% in HBV vaccinations in 2022 would be needed to bring the HBV incidence in 2023 back to the level that it would have had if the COVID-19-related changes had not occurred.ConclusionsDespite reductions in sexual activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, the decrease in HBV vaccinations may result in a small increase in HBV incidence after 2021, which may persist for years. It is important to restore the vaccination level and limit further increase in HBV transmission among MSM.